The Role of the National Green Tribunal in Environmental Justice and Sustainable Development: A Study on Forest and Mangrove Conservation in India

Abstract

The National Green Tribunal (NGT), established under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, represents a pioneering step in India’s commitment to environmental justice. As a specialized body, it ensures expeditious resolution of disputes related to environmental protection, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. With its jurisdiction over key legislations such as the Forest Conservation Act, the Air and Water Acts, and the Biological Diversity Act, the NGT plays a crucial role in preventing ecological degradation and holding violators accountable. This study, based on secondary data and thematic analysis, examines the structure, governance and landmark decisions of the NGT, with special reference to mangrove and forest conservation. Findings highlight that while the tribunal has been effective in enforcing compliance, preventing deforestation and involving local communities in ecosystem protection, challenges remain in the consistent enforcement of its rulings. Nevertheless, the NGT continues to serve as a vital instrument of environmental governance, balancing ecological preservation with developmental imperatives.