“WOMEN, SPIRITUALITY AND SOCIAL REFORM IN THE THOUGHT OF BASAVESVARA”

Abstract

Basava (Basavesvara), a 12th-century philosopher saint of Karnataka, spearheaded a socio-spiritual revolution that challenged entrenched caste hierarchies and patriarchy in medieval Indian society. This paper offers a critical analysis of Basava’s philosophy with particular attention to his views on women, caste, and social reform. Drawing on Basava’s vachanas and historical scholarship, the study highlights Basava’s pioneering contributions to gender equality and his radical rejection of caste-based discrimination. It examines how Basava empowered women by according them spiritual agency and equal participation in the Lingayat movement exemplified by women saints like Akka Mahadevi and how he fostered a casteless Sharana community through egalitarian institutions and principles such as Kayaka and Dasoha. The discussion situates Basava’s inclusive philosophy within the broader Bhakti movement and reformist traditions, noting its far-reaching socio-political implications. Basava’s vision of a society based on equality, compassion, and devotion not only catalysed medieval social change but continues to inspire contemporary discourse on social justice. The paper is structured to mirror a scholarly format, encompassing an introduction, literature review, objectives, methodology, analysis, conclusion, limitations, and directions for future research, all presented in an Indian academic register.