Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture

Abstract

Climate change poses a complex and multi-dimensional threat to agriculture worldwide, and India with its large agrarian population, varied agro-climatic zones, and dependence on monsoon rainfall is especially vulnerable. This paper reviews observed and projected climate changes relevant to Indian agriculture, synthesizes empirical evidence on impacts to major crops and farming systems, outlines methodological approaches used to quantify effects, analyses adaptation options and barriers, and offers policy-relevant conclusions and recommendations. Drawing on national assessments, international synthesis reports, and recent peer-reviewed studies, the paper finds that rising temperatures, shifting monsoon patterns, increased frequency of extremes (heatwaves, floods, droughts), and secondary stresses (pests, soil degradation, water stress) are already affecting yields, farm incomes, and food security. Without accelerated adaptation and mitigation, projected warming will further reduce yields for key staples; however, targeted interventions  improved varieties, agronomic adjustments, climate services, water management, and social protection can substantially reduce vulnerability.